Gun-launched rocket

ABSTRACT

A rocket system employing at least one rocket motor closure that includes low and high load capability retainers that, respectively, provide an insensitive munitions system during storage and positive locking of a nozzle assembly at launch. The rocket motor also includes a pressure equalizing system that accommodates changing temperature conditions during storage as well as varying gas pressure inherent in gun-launched rocket systems in a manner that allows for thinner case cylinder design and increased propellant volume.

BACKGROUND

1. The Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to a case and closure design for a gun-launched rocket. More particularly, the present invention relates to an insensitive munitions system employing one or more passages and an internal compression chamber system which collectively accommodates gas pressures inherent in gun-launched rocket systems in a manner allowing for a thinner rocket motor case cylinder and increased propellant volume beyond what prior art permits. These systems may be used in combination or separately.

2. Technical Background

Many launchable projectiles or rockets are comprised of a forward end, including guidance and munitions, and an aft end rocket motor. These two elements can be formed together, with a common outer casing, or they can be separately formed and subsequently joined together. This joining can occur immediately prior to use, in which case the two elements must be separately stored or they can be joined together for storage purposes and be ready for immediate use.

During pre-launch storage when a rocket motor is ignited inadvertently by external heating, such as a spilled fuel fire, it will become propulsive before being properly aimed. When inadvertent ignition is caused by fragment impact that produces unplanned nozzle outlets, the motor may become wildly propulsive in undesired directions. And when such events produce unplanned increases of propellant burning surface area, excessive pressurization may increase the hazard to nearby personnel and property. In light of these dangers, many of today's weapon systems must satisfy certain insensitive munitions (IM) requirements focused on safe storage capabilities.

Where rocket motors are stored separately, one way that rocket motors meet IM requirements is by venting the internal pressure caused through inadvertent ignition of the propellant by discharging either the forward or aft closure of the case cylinder. This allows the propellant to burn through a now open end without generating substantial thrust in any direction and without the threat of the rocket motor exploding and spraying burning propellant and metal case cylinder fragments in numerous directions.

The prior art teaches the use of dual paths for load transfer between features of either closure or between the closure and the motor case cylinder. One such load path may be sized to accommodate relatively small loads expected during transportation and handling prior to gun launch, and the other to accommodate much larger loads encountered during launch or during rocket motor operation. Focusing on shells which may or may not include rocket motors, Hickey teaches in U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,198 (1985) use of shear pins or locking rings arranged so that the high load capability load path is armed by axial acceleration during normal launch (with or without spin-up of the round) which also disarms the low capability load path. Boissiere, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,672 (1994), teaches arming of the high capability load path and disarming the low capability load path by gas pressures produced by the round itself. Dolan, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,261 (1986), Panella in U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,991 (1975), Tate in U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,658 (1991), Koontz in U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,298 (1992), Ellingsen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,820 (1994), and Cherry, in Statutory Invention Registration H1144 (1993), teach use of thermally activated devices of similar intent. Further, Malamas in U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,513 teaches use of a vent system that is closed by spin-up at launch.

As will be shown below, the safe expulsion of either closure can also be accomplished through the use of a low shear retaining means positioned between components of the closure or between the closure and the rocket motor case cylinder and a high capability load path that is disarmed until subjected to gun pressure. Should the propellant be inadvertently ignited, the low shear retention means will shear under relatively low internal pressure and allow the entire closure, or a portion thereof, to disengage from the case cylinder. Thus, the internal pressure induced by inadvertent ignition will vent without the dangers associated with premature propulsion or explosion.

As will further be shown below, advantageous use of gun pressure to arm a high capability load path may be combined with a further use to diminish the inert--non-propellant--weight of the gun-launched projectile.

Rocket motors are used to propel a payload. The amount of payload that can be propelled, as well as how fast and how far, are substantially affected by the weight--or mass--of the rocket motor components themselves. For the most demanding mission performance requirements, rocket motor designers focus intently on minimizing the inert weight of the motor itself.

Some rocket motors are intended for use in gun-launched projectiles, either in a "sustain" mode that diminishes losses of velocity or range due to one friction, or in a "boost" mode that increases the velocity beyond what is imparted by the gun pressure and gun tube length. In the prior art relating to such applications, the high pressures and accelerations imparted to the projectile during gun launch demand significant increases in the rocket motor inert weight--beyond what would otherwise be needed for motor operation alone.

In addition, the gun accelerations may threaten the integrity of the propellant charge itself unless great care is exercised over its configuration and means of support. Accelerations imposed within the gun tube upon gun-launched projectiles are hundreds--even thousands--of times larger than those for rocket launched projectiles.

There are two types of solid propellants for rockets. In one type, which consists of compressed powder, virtually the entire cumulative surface area of all the particles is available for combustion immediately upon ignition. In the other type, the fuel and oxidizer particles are bound together by a rubber matrix forming a composite which becomes solid after a cure protocol of thermal or other character. With the composite propellants, the burning surface area is readily controlled by adjusting the shape of the solid material and the burn rate features of the formulation. During the burn of a compressed powder propellant, vastly higher operating pressures prevail than during burn of a like quantity of composite propellants. It follows that compressed powder propellants are generally used only where the gun barrel can be used to withstand the high pressures. When the propellant is to burn after the rocket leaves the gun, it is generally a composite propellant.

The thermal expansion characteristic of composite solid propellants is typically an order of magnitude larger than that of the enclosing or containing structure. A 100° F. operating temperature range therefore produces a volume change of about 2%. Unless the configuration and support arrangement allow deformations to occur, thermal stresses in the propellant may cause fractures, undesired increases of burning surface area, and disasters upon ignition. Common provisions for thermal expansion include a central axial perforation for propellant grains bonded on their outer circumferential surfaces to cylindrical vessels, and completely free outer surfaces for propellant grains bonded at either their forward or aft ends to vessel closure features.

The tensile and shear strengths and elastic moduli of typical propellants are minuscule in comparison with the containing structure. For this reason, departures from a hydrostatic stress state during gun launch are accompanied by large deformations. At high forward acceleration, the propellant grain tends to completely fill the available volume of the aft end of the containing vessel. For a free-standing grain supported at its aft end with an unbonded circumferential surface, a 10,000 g environment and a 17 inch axial length lead to a 10,000 psi hydrostatic compression at the support.

During gun launch, alternatives to the aft end support arrangement for the propellant grain are grave threats to its integrity. Indeed, at acceleration levels typical of gun launches, neither the bonded circumferential surface of an axially perforated propellant grain nor an unperforated grain with a bonded forward end is stiff enough to eliminate the aft end support mode unless there is a great deal of empty space within the motor.

It follows that virtually the entire force that accelerates the propellant grain during gun launch is applied by direct bearing through its aft end. It also follows that in a 17 inch long propellant grain of a typical propellant, the bearing stress will be 10,000 psi at an acceleration of 10,000 g's. It follows also that the circumferential surface of the propellant grain will expand to fill the cylinder, imposing a radial pressure varying with depth (hydrostatically) from 10,000 psi at the aft end to zero at the forward end.

Therefore, during gun launch, the case cylinder experiences tension in the hoop direction due to internal pressure that may well be several times larger than the operating pressure later in flight, when the propellant burns. Moreover, during gun launch, the axial force needed to accelerate the payload, forward of the rocket motor, must be carried around the propellant grain, by axial compression in the rocket motor case, which must be proportioned so that buckling does not occur.

The buckling load for an axially compressed thin cylinder depends on its radius, thickness and length, and upon a single material property, the modulus of elasticity, at the actual imposed effective stress level. When the material "yields", the modulus decreases from the initial value, Young's modulus, to zero eventually (for ductile metals). The effective stress (von Mises yield criterion) under the combined hoop tension and axial compression stress state imposed during gun launch can be as much as 73% above the hoop or axial stress, whichever is larger. Effectively, the material yields under the mixed tension and compression condition at a far lower stress level than if either stress were acting alone, and the modulus of elasticity--and the buckling load--are thereafter much reduced. Thus, the thickness needed to assure a suitable safety factory is much higher than would be deduced for either the internal pressure or axial force alone.

In recent years, efforts to overcome the above-described behaviors of both the propellant and the case cylinder have turned to admitting the gun pressure to the interior of the rocket motor case. Paget, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,349,708, discloses several embodiments of a firearm launched rocket projectile that contains a solid fuel and permits gun bore gases to enter within the aft end. Paget is concerned with keeping the casing thin and suggests this can be achieved using passageways that distribute equal gun bore pressures on both the inside and outside of the projectile. The gun propulsion gases must also come into contact with the solid fuel used by Paget as that is the source of fuel ignition. Pins or springs hold passageways open to initially receive gun propulsion gases with such passageways being closed once the projectile exits the bore of the arm.

Another approach has included filling the internal free volume with a soft-extrudable fluid, rubber or otherwise. Thus, the fluid moves in and out of the rocket motor, through the nozzle throat orifice, as the storage temperature changes, and the nozzle exit cone becomes a reservoir for excess fluid. The fluid is ejected when the propellant is ignited.

Admitting the gun pressure to the interior of the rocket motor, with the fluid void-filler, has both obvious and subtle implications. Among the obvious is that unless the exterior surface of the rocket motor is also exposed to gun pressure, the case cylinder will have to accommodate as much as 60,000 psi internal pressure, or more--an order of magnitude above the usual range of rocket motor operating pressures. To accomplish this, the obturator, the sliding seal between the projectile and the gun tube that prevents the gun pressure from escaping around the projectile, is moved from the aft to the forward end of the rocket motor. It follows that, for the quasi-static situation at maximum acceleration, the differential pressure across the case cylinder wall is external pressure of varying magnitude, reflecting the hydrostatic gradient in the propellant grain. Further, the axial compression in the case cylinder disappears because the accelerating force for the payload is applied directly to the forward closure.

The subtle implications reflect the dynamic situations as the gun pressure rises rapidly upon ignition, and as the gun pressure disappears when the obturator passes out of the gun bore. At the outside, because the orifice into the rocket motor is quite small, the intensity of the gun pressure applied to its interior lags the pressure intensity applied to the exterior. This threatens to buckle the case if the duration of the lag is large enough. Also when the obturator clears the gun bore, the small nozzle orifice prevents an instantaneous drop of internal pressure after the external pressure disappears. This threatens to burst the case unless it has been made thick enough to withstand the gun pressure level--acting alone--that prevails immediately before the obturator clears the gun bore.

Gun-launched rocket motors are obviously limited in their outside diameter by the size of the gun bore from which they are fired. Thus, given usual propellants and rocket motor nozzles, greater range or velocity is achieved for the projectile by configuring the rocket motor such that it can hold a maximum amount of propellant.

The volume of propellant in gun launched rocket motors is maximized when the interior diameter of the rocket motor case cylinder is maximized by making the case cylinder as thin as possible. However, the case cylinder must be thick enough to accommodate gun launch loads, and, when gun pressure is allowed within the case cylinder, the pressure differentials between the inside and outside of the case cylinder, not only at maximum levels, but as the gun pressure rises early during launch and falls as the rocket motor exits the gun bore. Rocket motors designed according to the prior art must therefore survive gun launch loadings that are frequently far more severe than the later loadings during rocket motor burn. This requires thicker structures which diminish the volume available for propellant, and which increase the inert weight of the motor, thereby diminishing the attainable range or velocity of the projectile.

Thus, an advancement over the prior art is achieved by introducing rocket motor configuration features that diminish the net loads that the rocket motor case cylinder must be designed to withstand during gun launch, thereby diminishing the inert weight and increasing the available propellant volume while also providing an insensitive munitions case and closure design for a gun-launched rocket motor.

Such gun-launched rocket motor configuration features are disclosed and claimed herein.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention relates to a gun launchable rocket and in particular to a novel rocket motor design for use with that rocket. It was important to develop an approach for constructing a rocket motor that would not only produce the optimum results desired of getting the payload delivered to an appropriate point but to do so in a way that increases the range of the entire rocket, and proves the ability of the rocket motor to withstand the launch sequence, provides a way to accommodate size variations of the solid propellant as temperature conditions vary, while the rocket motor is being transported or stored, and incorporate in the insensitive munition capability by having the closures to the rocket motor closed but shearably closed.

In order to accomplish the latter, the present invention includes a variety of coupling techniques that include both low capability shear features to permit the rocket motor to be rendered relatively harmless should the solid propellant inappropriately ignite while being stored or transported, thus rendering the munition insensitive and high capability shear features armed by the gun pressure environment, that provide for the substantially higher loads imposed during normal operation. Further, the present invention involves a redesigned interior for the motor itself to provide an interior environment controlled movable piston. This movable piston will not only accommodate volume changes due to temperature variations that can affect the solid propellant, but also permits the construction of the rocket motor from thinner and lighter materials. By constructing the motor this way, not only is the available volume for propellant increased but the overall inert weight is reduced, both of which tend to increase the range and effectiveness of the rocket motor itself. In addition, the new designed interior will accommodate the substantial gun pressures associated with gun launched projectiles and enables a rocket motor structure design with the ability to withstand a dramatic rapid rise and dramatic sudden fall in pressure associated with gun launched rockets.

The present invention develops a plurality of internal compression chambers which are connected to the bore of the gun by orifices designed to have the gun pressure arriving and each being substantially equal in magnitude. Further, the use of the obturator at the forward end of the rocket motor area on the rocket, in conjunction with the internal compression chamber, provides a way to minimize the difference between internal and external pressures which vary rapidly as the rocket progresses down the gun bore, Moreover, nearly the full gun pressure applied to the inner surface of the forward closure provides the accelerating force for the payload farther forward. The axial force in the case cylinder is reduced to merely the low level required to accelerate the aft closure and other features farther aft, acting in axial tension. The present invention is constructed and designed so that the materials used for the structure, preferably an 18 Ni 300 Maraging Steel, will have sufficient capacities, for the thicknesses of the parts used, to resist all imposed loadings with ample safety margins, thereby providing effective structure for the rocket motor.

Other objects, features, and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of the specification, and wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partially elevational and partially cross-sectional view of a rocket incorporating a rocket motor according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft end of a rocket motor showing low and high capability shear arrangements;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft end of a rocket motor with the aft end closure separated following shearing of the low capability shear arrangement;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft end of a rocket motor with the high capability shear device deployed;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft end of a rocket motor showing the nozzle assembly separated from the case cylinder;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft end of a rocket motor showing the nozzle assembly mounted to the aft end of the case cylinder;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft end of a case cylinder showing the actuated position of a high capability shear device; and

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the aft of a case cylinder during a gun launch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a rocket, generally indicated at 1, that includes a forward end 2, that can contain some payload, such as, for example, a guidance system and an explosive charge, and an aft rocket motor, generally indicated at 3, that is shown in partial cross-section. Included at the back end is a nozzle assembly, generally indicated at 130, and fins 4 are shown as being pivotably attached to the rearmost portion of the rocket motor 3.

This rocket 1 is designed to be launchable by a gun or other similar weapon. In addition, the present invention hereafter focuses primarily with respect to insensitive munition (IM) systems that will be disarmed by exposure to gun pressure and an approach to reduce overall rocket motor weight while retaining essential structural integrity.

FIRST EMBODIMENT

A first embodiment for a closure, such as for the aft end of the rocket motor 3, is set forth in FIGS. 2-4. The rocket motor includes a case cylinder 12 having an exterior surface 14 configured to fit closely within a gun bore 16. An interior surface 18 of case cylinder 12 defines a propellant chamber 20 in which a propellant grain 21 is contained. The rocket motor also includes an aft closure 22 which includes a nozzle assembly 24. The aft closure 22 is releasably secured to an aft end 26 of the case cylinder 12 by a plurality of breakable or low shear capability retainers, one of which is generally shown at 28 in FIGS. 2 and 4.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 2-4, the retainer 28 comprises a member in the form of a pin or plug that will yield and shear under relatively low load and thus has a low load capability. After being sheared, as in FIG. 3, retainer 28 has a first end 30 and a second end 32. The first end 30 remains positioned within a hole 36 that passes through the case cylinder 12 adjacent the aft end 26 of the case cylinder 12. The second end 32 remains positioned within a hole, notch or recess 38 disposed within the side wall of aft closure 22. When the aft closure 22 is initially installed in case cylinder 12, holes 36 and 38 are empty and the aft closure will be indexed relative to case cylinder 12 so that each hole 36 will be co-axially aligned with each hole, notch or recess 38. At that point a retainer 28 will be installed through each hole 36 and into each recess 38 and secured in place. The securing can be accomplished by gluing retainer 28 in the hole/notch combination, by threading the retainer in the hole/notch or by any other convenient approach so long as the retainer 28 is positively held in place. While the retainer 28 is shown at a single circumferential position, those skilled in the art will recognize that the same arrangement will be used at a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart positions about the case cylinder 12, and that the number of such positions and the type of material used for each retainer 28 will determine the load that will be resisted prior to the retainers shearing to thereby allow the aft closure 22 to separate from case cylinder 12 as depicted in FIG. 3.

With the low shear capability retainers 28 in place, axial loads arising from shipping and handling of the rocket motor prior to launch can be transmitted between the aft closure 22 and the case cylinder 12 through the low capability shear retainer interface. However, should inadvertent ignition of the rocket motor occur before gun launch, that is, should the propellant grain 21 ignite, the shear retainers 28 would shear, allowing the aft closure 22 to separate from the case cylinder 12, at a low velocity. As demonstrated in FIG. 3 where the retainer 28 has been sheared, aft end 26 of the case cylinder 12 now open completely as the aft closure 22 moves away from case cylinder 12. This large opening permits the propellant grain 21 to burn at very low pressure without rendering the rocket motor propulsive.

In one preferred embodiment, each retainer 28 is comprised of a plastic material or alternatively, a low strength aluminum. Using four such retainers, the aft closure 22 could be configured to shear under a predetermined pressure of between about 10 psi and about 20 psi. In other preferred embodiments, the low shear capability retainers 28 can shear at pressures as low as about 5 psi.

Still referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, a second type of a retainer, with high shear capability, is shown at 42 for positively securing the aft closure 22 to the aft end 26 of the case cylinder 12. Each high shear retainer 42 can move between an undeployed normal condition, shown in FIG. 2, and a deployed or actuated position, as in FIG. 4. Actuation occurs by gun pressure which operates within a passage 44 disposed within the aft closure 22 and when actuated each retainer 42 will positively lock the aft closure 22 and case cylinder 12 together. Passage 44 has a first opening 46, adjacent a seat 47 disposed within case cylinder 12 adjacent the aft end 26, and a second opening 48 adjacent an aft end 50 of aft closure 22.

Passage 44 is configured with a 90 degree bend between openings 46 and 48. The high shear retainer 42 itself comprises a movable piston 52 positioned within the passage 44. In the illustrated embodiment, piston 52 is positioned between a high capability shear member 54, positioned adjacent the first opening 46, and a metal plunger 58 located adjacent the second opening 48. Piston 52 can, for example, comprise a plurality of steel balls 56 positioned between member 54 and plunger 58. In an alternative embodiment, a suitable rubber, such as polyurethane, could be used in lieu of the balls to form a solid piston.

As noted above, the retainer 42 is capable of movement between a disarmed or undeployed/normal position, as in FIG. 2, where the piston 52 has not moved such that the high shear member 54 is not located within seat 47, and an actuated position, as shown in FIG. 4 in which the piston 52 has moved the high shear member 54 fully into seat 47. In the disarmed configuration, the second high shear capability retainer 54 has not yet secured the aft closure 22 to the case cylinder 12 so that only the low shear capability retainers 28 hold aft closure 22 in place. In the actuated positioned, the high capability shear members 54, will prevent relative movement between the aft closure 22 and case cylinder 12. The high capability shear member 54 is preferably made of a high strength material such as 18% Nickel Maraging Steel (18 Ni 300). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the second high capability shear retainers 42 will also be used at multiple circumferentially spaced apart positions about aft closure 22.

Each of the high capability shear retainers 54 remain in a disarmed or normal state prior to gun launch, and are actuated by gun pressure entering the second opening 48 of the passage 44 from the gun bore 16. The high capability shear retainers 54 will be initially held in place by a length of tape or thin metal 60 positioned to cover the first opening 46. The material 60 is used to prevent premature engagement of the piston 52 with the seat 47 and is configured to fracture under the gun pressure exerted upon it through plunger 58 and piston 52. Prior to that time very little force will have to be resisted so the tape or thin material 60 will be sufficient to hold retainers 42 in their normal position until gun pressure is applied.

SECOND EMBODIMENT

Referring now to FIGS. 5-8, an alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated which focuses on a modified gun pressure actuated IM retainer in combination with a system that effectively reduces the inert weight of the rocket motor and enables an increase in propellant volume and thus projectile range and/or velocity. This system also provides an ability to accommodate solid propellant volume changes due to temperature variations, especially those that occur during rocket motor storage. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the choice of the case cylinder material, as well as the material used for internal motor parts, is dependent upon the application, and that the length and diameter of the rocket motor play a vital role in determining how thin the case cylinder and other internal parts may be.

In order to clarify the understanding of this particular embodiment, four figures are being used that show various stages of construction and operation of the combination of features that collectively form this embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows the back or aft end of a case cylinder 112 of a rocket 1, which has an exterior surface 114 and an interior surface 116. A separate nozzle assembly, generally indicated at 130, includes a nozzle throat 132 and a following exit cone. The exterior surface 114 of the case cylinder 112 is configured to fit closely within a gun bore 118, shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The interior surface 116 of case cylinder 112 defines a propellant chamber 120. An obturator, shown at 5 in FIG. 1, surrounds the exterior 114 of the case cylinder 112 adjacent the forward end of the propellant chamber 120, thereby centering and sealing the rocket 1 within the gun bore 118 and preventing gun gases from escaping around the exterior of rocket 1.

An aft closure 122 is secured to the case cylinder 112 adjacent an aft end 124 of the case cylinder 112. In a presently preferred embodiment, the aft closure 122 is welded to the case cylinder 112 after the rocket is loaded with propellant. The full diameter opening provided by the welded interface permits cartridge-loading of the propellant grain which nearly completely fills the space of the propellant chamber 120 within the interior of case cylinder 112.

The case cylinder 112 and aft closure 122 are preferably made of 300 grade 18% Nickel Maraging Steel (18 Ni 300). 18 Ni 300 steel offers minimum ultimate and yield strengths in tension of 280,000 psi and 270,000 psi, respectively, and high fracture toughness in the fully hardened condition. The Maraging Steels are hardened by a thermal aging process and when welded, the weld zones exhibit the strengths of annealed material about half that of the filly hardened strengths, and very high fracture toughness. This is important in the preferred embodiment because the aft closure 122 is welded to the case cylinder 112 after the propellant is loaded, and therefore cannot be exposed to a post-weld heat treatment. If in lieu of 18% nickel maraging steel, a low alloy steel were used, the weld zone in the as-welded condition would be harder, stronger, and far more brittle than the adjacent parent metal, and therefore unsuitable for use in this fashion. The forces transmitted through the weld zone during launch and later during rocket motor burn are amply accommodated by the annealed properties of 18 Ni 300 because the adjacent closure prevents hoop stresses as large as in the case cylinder farther forward.

The propellant grain 230 is positioned within the propellant chamber 120 and is surrounded by a rubber insulator 228. Preferably, the propellant grain 230 is bonded to the forward closure 6, shown in FIG. 1, of the propellant chamber 120. However, a gap 115, shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, is provided between the outer diameter of the propellant grain insulator 228 and the interior surface 116 of the case cylinder 112. This allows for thermal expansion and contraction of the propellant grain 230. The rubber insulator 228 is also bonded to the forward end and the cylindrical sides of the propellant grain 230. However, the aft end of grain 230 is only partially bonded to the interior surface of the aft area of insulator 228 as discussed further below.

One or more substantially axial passages, 136 in the aft closure 122 and 136' in a fin support structure 123, are provided that collectively extend from a forward end 138 of the aft closure 122 to an aft end 140 of the fin support structure 123. These axial passages and the nozzle throat 132 allow the propellant chamber 120 to communicate with the gun bore 118 while the rocket is within the gun bore 118. In a presently preferred embodiment, the number of axial passages 136 and 136' is four and they are equally spaced circumferentially about nozzle assembly 130.

Each axial passage 136 connects with a radially extending passage 142 extending between a first end or enlarged bore 144 and a second end in the form of a circumferential groove 163 further described below. Each passage 142 is in communication with an axial passage 136 when rocket motor 3 is fully assembled and the groove 163 is located adjacent a correspondingly shaped groove seat 214 configured within an exterior surface of the nozzle assembly 130. Groove seat 214 is preferably an annular or circumferential groove that extends around nozzle member 210.

In this alternate embodiment, the gun-launched rocket motor 3 includes two retaining devices for securing the nozzle assembly 130 to the aft closure 122. One has a low load capability while the other has a high load capability.

The first retaining device includes a low load capability male/female thread connection portions 150/151, respectively, that together secure the nozzle assembly 130 relative to the aft closure 122. It should be understood that the male portions 150 of the low capability retaining device are comprised of spaced apart segments whereas the female portion 151 preferably comprises a continuous thread-type groove extending about the aft portion of inner surface 126 of the aft closure member 122. It should also be understood that the total circumferential length of the male portions 150 comprise about one-quarter of an inch or less where maraging steel is used. This is all that is required since the metal parts used in the rocket motor are all predominantly 18 Ni 300 maraging steel whereby a relatively small amount of metal interlocking the threads is required to provide the desired amount of low shear strength protection. Included with the male portion 150 is at least one bottoming interface 152 that will contact and bottom out against a wall 153 in the female thread portion 151. During the installation of nozzle assembly 130 in aft closure 122, the nozzle assembly will be turned or rotated to interengage the male/female threaded connection portions 150/151. Rotation will continue until the bottoming interface 152 contacts wall 153 at which time rotation will stop and nozzle assembly 130 will be fully engaged with aft closure 122. This will also ensure that the circumferential groove seat 214 will be precisely aligned with the circumferential groove 163.

The second retaining device is a high shear capability retainer that is actuated by gun pressure upon firing of the gun. At the time of gun firing it is necessary to positively secure the nozzle assembly 130, and anything connected thereto to the aft closure 122. The second retainer provides this positive lock and comprises a piston rod 162, as shown in FIG. 5, that is positioned within each radially extending passage 142. Each piston rod 162 is appropriately engaged with a segmented arcuate rail member 164 that fits completely in a seat comprising the circumferential groove 163 formed around the interior surface 126 of aft closure 122 when disengaged. When engaged, the rail member segments 164 will collectively form a circular member within a corresponding circumferential groove seat 214 in the structural member 210 of the nozzle assembly 130. Groove seat 214 has a radial depth of about 0.075 inch and an axial width of about 0.29 inch. Surface 126 also includes a seal member 165 and the female portion 151 of the low shear capability retaining thread.

A first headed end 166 of the piston rod 162 will be in communication with gun bore gas pressure through each axial passage 136/136' and radial passage 142. A second end 168 of the piston rod 162 is located adjacent the groove seat 214. The piston rod 162 is capable of movement between a normal or disarmed position, wherein each rail member segment 164 does not engage the seat 214, and an actuated position in which each of the rail member segments 164 fully engages the seat 214. In the actuated position, rail members 164 collectively prevent relative axial movement between the aft closure 122 and the nozzle assembly 130.

As explained above, the aft end of the case cylinder 112 is closed by an aft closure, shown at 122, that is welded to the case cylinder 112 and the nozzle assembly 130 is attached to aft closure 122. In the final stages of assembly of the rocket motor 3, a fin support structure 123 will be located aft of the aft closure 122 and about the exposed exterior portion of nozzle assembly 130. Ultimately, the fin support structure 123 will rotate relative to nozzle assembly 130. Consequently, the attachment therebetween includes ball bearings 131 and an aft end seal 133, that is suitably attached to the nozzle assembly 130 as by, for example, a rubber-to-steel adhesive, such as Hysol, EA934NA. In addition, O-rings can be positioned between the nozzle assembly 130 and the fin support structure 123. As is also shown in FIG. 5, the fin support structure 123 includes an interior surface 129 in which an annular O-ring 181 is positioned in a groove 133. O-ring 181 will seal against an aft surface 135 of the aft closure 122 radially outboard of an O-ring 137 that extends around each of the passageways 136 and fits within a groove 139. Each O-ring 137 and 181 provides suitable compression sealing between the various mating parts. As shown in phantom, the fin support structure 123 also includes a hub 125 and a slot 127 formed about hub 125 into which a fin can be movably accommodated.

It is desirable that there be relative rotation by the fin support structure 123 and nozzle assembly 130 only following the rocket leaving the gun bore. To releasably lock the fin support structure 123 in place, axial pins and holes operating in the mating surfaces 129 and 135 (not shown) will permit the fin support structure 123 to be properly positioned so that passages 136' will precisely align with passages 136. Such pin connections will be sufficiently short so that the fin support structure 123 will be able to move aftward a few thousandths of an inch to clear such axial pins and permit ball bearings 131 to function and thus the fin support structure 123 to rotate. To initially hold the fin support structure 123 axially in place, a series of radial bores can be made that will incorporate a pyrotechnic pin, one of which is shown in dotted line at 141. Such pins are conventional and it is not believed further discussion thereof is necessary.

The nozzle assembly 130 shown in FIG. 5 includes a forward end comprised of a conical entrance region 200 that joins with a cooperating conical surface 202 of an insulation member 204 positioned outboard of and adhesively bonded to nozzle pieces 203 and 207. Insulator 204 includes an outer peripheral surface 206 that has a seal member such as an O-ring 208 adjacent the forward end. An additional structural member of the nozzle assembly, generally indicated at 210, includes an interior surface 212 that is spaced from the outer surface 206 in order to define a gap 213 therebetween.

The nozzle member 210 provides the support for the nozzle pieces 203-205, 207, 209 and 211, and includes as well, on an outer surface 215, races or grooves for the ball bearings 131. The nozzle member 210 also includes, on its outer peripheral surface 215, the male portion 150 of the previously described low shear thread-type retaining device, as well as the circumferential groove seat 214 that cooperates with the high shear retainer, also previously described.

As shown in FIG. 5, the nozzle assembly 130 has not yet been installed in the aft closure 122. The installed condition is shown in FIG. 6. Installation occurs by rotating nozzle assembly 130 within or relative to the aft closure 122 so that the male and female threads, 150 and 151, respectively, can mesh and form a tight engagement therebetween when the bottoming surface 152 engages wall 153. In the preferred embodiment, the fin support structure 123 will be attached at a subsequent time.

As shown in FIG. 6, the aft closure 122 and the fin support structure 123, respectively, and the nozzle assembly 130 have all been joined together. Thus, the low shear thread-type retaining device 150/151 is in place and operable with the high shear retaining device having yet to be deployed or activated.

As perhaps best shown at FIG. 5, the rocket motor designed according to the present invention includes an integral movable compression chamber forming piston, or bore rider, generally indicated at 220, that includes a cylindrical center section 222 and an annular plate portion 224 that extends radially outwardly from the top of center section 222. Plate portion 224 extends radially to the casing cylinder 112 where it is sealed by means of a suitable sliding seal 188 and a pair of anti-extrusion features 191 and 193 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The anti-extrusion features 191/193 preferably have a triangular cross-sectional slope and comprise a soft, or dead soft, flowable metal that will move together with seal 188 preventing extrusion whether the lower pressure is forward or aft of the plate portion 224 of the movable piston 220 and the associated insulator 226. Those skilled in the art will recognize that for a short time interval during gun launch, the gap 238 between the plate portion 224 of the movable piston or bore rider 220 and surface 284 of aft closure 122 will be subjected to a higher pressure than the gap between the OD of the propellant grain insulator 228 and the interior surface 116 of the case cylinder 112, and that during a short time interval after the projectile 1 leaves the gun bore 16, an opposite condition will prevail. The soft metal used for the anti-extrusion features 190/191 can be, for example, 1100 aluminum in the -O-condition.

Plate 224 is attached to a resin and fiber reinforced annular insulator disk 226. Disk 226 is preferably a laminated structure formed from layers of silica cloth and phenolic resin that have been bonded together and cured under suitable heat and pressure. Disk 226 is positioned adjacent the rubber insulator layer 228 that extends around the entire periphery of the grain 230. It should be noted that while the interior periphery of the rubber insulation 228 is bonded to the propellant grain 230, that bonding occurs throughout the entire grain except for the area between the igniter, generally indicated at 232, and the opposite side wall of case cylinder 112 to a point generally adjacent where the insulator material 228 curves as indicated at 234. Lack of a bond along the aft surface of grain 230 allows for repeatable ignition along that aft surface.

The central portion 222 of piston or bore rider 220 has a cylindrical shape and is slidably retained within the cylindrical slot 213 defined between surfaces 206 and 212 of the nozzle assembly 130. This position is shown best in FIG. 6.

It should also be noted, that there is a gap 238 provided between the aft surface of plate 224 and the forward planar surface 236 of the aft closure 122. Similarly, there is a gap 240 that exists between the aft-most edge of the cylindrical portion 222 of piston or bore rider 220 and the base of the cylindrical slot 213. The gap 240 has a longer length or a larger axial dimension than the axial dimension of gap 238 to assure that at a later point in time, plate 224 can fully seat against surface 236 which comprises the forward end of aft closure 122.

As noted above, the fin support structure 123 includes an axially extending bore 136'. A bore 136 is located in the aft closure portion 122. When these two sections are fully connected, as shown in FIG. 6, the axial bores 136 and 136' are co-axially aligned and together define a through passageway. The axial bore 136 also crosses a radially extending bore 142 in which the piston rod 162 is slidably retained.

FIG. 6 shows the condition that the rocket motor is in following completion of assembly into a storage ready condition. Should some inadvertent mishap cause the propellant grain 230 to ignite, the internal pressures will cause the low load capability threaded connection 150/151 to break thereby permitting the nozzle assembly 130 and the fin support structure 123 to be discharged creating a large opening at one end of the rocket motor 3, a situation similar to that shown in FIG. 5. The center of aft closure 122 will be sized to relieve pressures and avoid the creation of substantial thrust through the aft end of the case cylinder 112.

Turning then to FIGS. 7 and 8 we see the conditions of the rocket motor at the time the propelling gun is fired. FIG. 7 shows the actuation of the high shear retaining assembly just after gun pressure has been applied to bores 136/136' and chamber 144. FIG. 8 shows the conditions within the rocket motor during the passage of the rocket down the bore of the gun and prior to discharge from the gun and ignition of the solid propellant.

In FIG. 7, the frictional effect of seal material 250 in chamber 144 below the headed end 166 has been overcome by the pressure from gun gasses flowing into passages 136/136'. The piston rod 162 has been driven radially inwardly and the high shear rail member 164 is seated within the groove 214. With the piston rod 162 and the high shear rail member 164 in their deployed or actuated position, the nozzle assembly 130, as well as the fin support structure 123, are secured in place. Thus, upon firing of the gun, initial pressure exerted by the gun gases will pass through the passageways 136/136' and seat the high shear retaining devices into their deployed positions as shown in FIG. 7.

The gun pressure varies as the rocket travels along the gun bore, initially rising perhaps as high as 68,000 psi, and then declining perhaps to less than 10,000 psi when the obturator exits the bore. The gun pressure will be applied both to the passageways 136/136', as well as to the nozzle throat 132. Thus, gun pressure will pass into the gap 238 beneath plate 224. This will cause the compression chamber forming piston or bore rider 220 to be moved axially forwardly causing the gap 238 to be enlarged into an annular compression chamber 184 formed between the aft surface of plate 224 and surface 236. Simultaneously, a central compression chamber 186 is also formed within the cylindrical portion 222 of piston or bore rider 220 aft of the rubber insulation 228 but forward of nozzle assembly 130. In addition, gun gases will pass around the exterior of the rocket 1 within the bore 118 pressurizing the entire region aft of obturator 5. Consequently, gas pressure will exist on the outside of the case cylinder 112, and within the case cylinder, specifically in annular compression chamber 184, and central compression chamber 186. As pressure rises, it is also possible for the central portion of the insulator 228 to be slightly domed inwardly as shown in dotted lines in FIG. 8. Such doming could also occur in the opposite direction, with the actual direction of movement depending on the current temperature of the propellant grain 230, the acceleration level prevailing at the particular moment, and whether the acceleration level during a previous moment was smaller or larger. Consequently, the central portion of the aft part of insulator 228 does not necessarily remain flat.

The compression chamber 184 is in communication with each axially extending passage 136 which permits gun pressure to enter the rocket motor and pressurize the compression chamber 184. The insulator 228, central cylindrical portion 222 and nozzle assembly 130 define a central compression chamber 186. The central compression chamber 186 is in communication with the nozzle throat 132 permitting gun pressure to pressurize the central compression chamber 186. Each axial passage 136/136' is configured to permit the annular compression chamber 184 to pressurize at substantially the same rate as the central compression chamber 186. The axial passages 136/136' are configured to enable pressurization and depressurization of compression chambers 184 and 186 within the rocket motor to occur at close to the same rate as the pressurization and depressurization of the cavity between the case cylinder outer surface 114 and the gun bore inner surface 118. Consequently, compression chambers 184 and 186 cooperate with the remaining rocket motor interior structure to thereby provide, in substantial measure, a way to counterbalance the gun pressure acting on the exterior surface 114 of the case cylinder 112. Thus, the pressure differentials across the case cylinder are diminished essentially to the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the propellant grain, zero at the aft end, and a small fraction of the gun pressure at the forward end.

When the rocket motor exits the breach of the gun, external pressure drops suddenly to ambient pressure and the pressure within the chambers 184 and 186 rapidly escapes through the axial passages 136/136' and the nozzle throat 132, and the piston or bore rider 220 translates aftward. When the rocket motor propellant grain 230 is ignited, later in flight, the seals 188 and 208 prevent combustion gases, caused by the burning propellant, from escaping out of any axial passage 136/136'. This assures that the pressures during rocket motor burn are controlled only by the nozzle throat. Also, the central portion of the aft part of insulator 228 is grooved or seamed so that upon ignition of the propellant grain 230 insulator 228 will petal or open in a flower petal-like manner, and drape onto the conical surface 202 as shown in dotted line at 242 in FIG. 8. This allows the propellant grain 230 to properly burn yet prevents the insulation from blocking the entrance to nozzle throat 132.

In order to reduce the weight of the rocket motor 3, and thus increase the range which the rocket can achieve, as well as to reduce the thickness of materials used in forming the rocket, the passageways 136/136', the nozzle throat 132, and the volume of the compression chambers 184 and 186 are sized so that the difference between pressures within compression chambers 184 and 186 and the gun pressures on the exterior of cylinder case 112 are minimized. The metal thickness need only be that which will have the capability of structurally withstanding the differential between inside pressures and outside pressures as the rocket travels through the bore of the gun. The pressure differentials acting on the case structure will be readily accommodated.

The diameter of the axial passageways 136/136' is about 0.24 inch and their lengths are approximately 0.94 and 1.62 inch, respectively. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the volumes of the compression chambers 184 and 186 will reflect the current average temperature of the propellant grain.

The side wall thickness for the piston or bore rider 220 will be approximately 0.050 inch, with this thickness being uniform both in the central cylindrical portion 222 as well as in plate portion 224. It should be understood that the annular compression chamber 184 is in communication with each of the axially extending passages 136/136' employed, through which the annular compression chamber 184 is pressurized. As noted previously, the aft surface of the rubber insulator 228, the upper portion of the nozzle assembly 130, and the interior of the cylindrical portion 222 of piston or bore rider 220, define the central compression chamber 186, which becomes the rocket motor combustion chamber when the propellant grain is ignited later in flight. This central compression chamber 186 is in communication with the nozzle throat 132 that permits gun pressure to pressurize that central chamber 186. Thus, each of the actual passages 136/136' is configured to permit the annular compression chamber 184 to pressurize at substantially the same rate as that of the pressurization rate for the central chamber 186. Thus, axial passages 136/136' are configured in size to enable both the pressurization and depressurization of the compression chambers 184 and 186, respectively, within the rocket motor to occur at close to the same rate as the pressurization and depressurization of the cavity between the case cylinder's outer surface 114 and the gun bore's inner surface 118.

It should also be understood that the plate 224 of piston 220, along with the reinforced plate 226 and the rubber insulator 228, when they are driven axially as shown in FIG. 8, will compress the slightly compressible solid propellant, not only against the forward closure portion of the rocket motor, as shown in FIG. 1, but also the interior surface 116 of the case cylinder 112. This use of compression chambers 184 and 186, with the axially moving piston 220, will substantially counterbalance gun pressure acting on the exterior surface 114 of the case cylinder 112. Thus, when the gun pressure reaches its maximum level, pressure differentials across the case cylinder are diminished to merely the hydrostatic pressure gradient that exists in the propellant grain, zero at the aft end, and a small fraction of the gun pressure at the forward end.

During gun launch, the rifling within the gun bore, and the torque transmitted through the obturator, cause the projectile to spin rapidly as it exits the tube. The high compression at the interface between the case cylinder inner surface and the propellant grain insulator, induced by admitting gun pressure to the interior of the rocket motor, is more than sufficient to allow the needed spin-up torque increment to be transmitted by friction to the propellant grain.

It should be appreciated that the apparatus and methods of the present invention are capable of being incorporated in the form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which have been illustrated and described above. The invention may be embodied in whole or in part in other forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive and the scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. 

What is claimed:
 1. A rocket motor launched from a gun bore comprising:a case cylinder having an exterior surface and an interior surface, said exterior surface being configured to fit within the gun bore and said interior surface defining a propellant chamber; a propellant grain positioned within said propellant chamber; a closure secured to said case cylinder adjacent an end of said case cylinder, said closure having an inner perimeter; a nozzle assembly comprising a nozzle throat, said nozzle throat allowing communication between the gun bore and said propellant chamber; a first set of retainers releasably securing said nozzle assembly to the inner perimeter of said closure; and a second set of retainers positively securing said nozzle assembly to the inner perimeter of said closure during launch of the rocket motor.
 2. The rocket motor of claim 1 wherein said first set of retainers comprises a plurality of low strength members positioned within adjacent notches in said case cylinder and within said closure, said plurality of low capability members being configured to shear at a predetermined low internal pressure, thereby allowing said closure to disengage from said case cylinder.
 3. The rocket motor of claim 1, wherein said first set of retainers include an annular groove disposed within the inner perimeter of said closure, said nozzle assembly having at least one extension configured to matingly engage said annular groove of said closure to thereby permit said nozzle assembly to be secured to said closure, said at least one extension being configured to shear at a predetermined low internal pressure, thereby allowing said closure to disengage from said case cylinder.
 4. The rocket motor of claim 1, wherein the said closure comprises at least one substantially axial passage extending from a forward end of said closure to an aft end of said closure thereby allowing the propellant chamber to be in communication with the gun bore when the rocket motor is positioned within the gun bore.
 5. The rocket motor of claim 1, wherein said closure comprises at least one radially extending passage extending between a first end and a second end, said first end being in communication with at least one substantially axial passage, said second end being adjacent a seat configured within an exterior surface of said nozzle assembly.
 6. The rocket motor of claim 5, wherein said second set of retainers include a piston positioned within each radially extending passage, a first piston end being in communication with the gun bore and a second piston end being adjacent said seat, said piston being capable of movement between a disarmed position wherein said second piston end does not engage said seat and an actuated position in which said second piston end engages said seat, thereby preventing relative movement between said closure and said nozzle assembly, said piston being actuated by gun pressure entering said of at least one radially extending passage.
 7. The rocket motor of claim 6, wherein said second set of retainers further comprises a burst plate positioned to cover an end of the passage adjacent the nozzle assembly, thereby preventing said piston from engaging said seat, said burst plate being configured to fracture under the gun pressure exerted upon said piston, thereby allowing said piston to engage said seat.
 8. The rocket motor of claim 6, wherein said second set of retainers further comprises a seal surrounding at least a portion of said piston, thereby preventing said piston from moving to the actuated position, said seal being configured to shear under the gun pressure exerted upon the piston, thereby allowing said piston to engage said seat.
 9. The rocket motor of claim 1, further comprising an insulator member within the case cylinder and a bore rider slidably positioned within said nozzle assemble, said bore rider including a radially extending attachment plate and a central extension, said attachment plate being attached to said insulator member.
 10. The rocket motor of claim 9, wherein said attachment plate is annular and said central extension is substantially cylindrical, said attachment plate, central extension, case cylinder, and said closure defining an annular compression chamber within said propellant chamber, the compression chamber being only in communication with a plurality of axially extending passages to thereby permit gun pressure to pressurize the compression chamber, such that said attachment plate moves forward and compresses the propellant grain.
 11. The rocket motor of claim 10, wherein said insulator member, central extension, and nozzle assembly define a central chamber within said propellant grain chamber, the central chamber being only in communication with said nozzle throat to thereby permit gun pressure to pressurize the propellant.
 12. The rocket motor of claim 11, wherein each of said plurality of axial passage is configured to thereby permit the annular compression chamber to pressurize at substantially the same rate as the central chamber.
 13. A rocket launched from a gun bore comprising:a case cylinder having an exterior surface and an interior surface, said exterior surface configured to fit within the gun bore and said interior surface defining a propellant chamber; propellant grain positioned within said propellant chamber, at least an aft end of the propellant grain being surrounded by an insulator; a nozzle assembly comprising a nozzle throat, the nozzle throat allowing communication between the gun bore and the propellant chamber; a closure secured to an aft end of said case cylinder, said closure having an inner perimeter and an outer perimeter and further including at least one substantially axial passage extending from a forward end of said closure to an aft end thereof thus allowing the propellant chamber to be in communication with the gun bore when the rocket is positioned within the gun bore, said closure further comprising at least one radially extending passage extending between a first end and a second end, said first end being in communication with said at least one axial passage and said second end being positioned adjacent a seat configured within an exterior surface of said nozzle assembly; an annual groove disposed within an inner perimeter of said closure, said nozzle assembly having at least one extension configured to matingly engage said annular groove to thereby permit said nozzle assembly to be secured to said closure, said at least one extension being configured to shear at a predetermined low internal pressure, thereby allowing said closure to disengage said case cylinder; a piston positioned within said at least one radially extending passage, a first piston end being in communication with the gun bore and a second piston end being positioned adjacent said seat, said piston being capable of movement between a disarmed position wherein said second piston end does not engage the seat and an actuated position in which said second piston end engages said seat configured within said nozzle assembly, thereby preventing relative movement between said closure and said nozzle assembly, said piston being actuated by gun pressure entering said at least one radially extending passage; a bore rider having an attachment plate and an aftward extending cylindrical portion, said attachment plate being attached to an insulator plate, and said cylindrical portion being slidably engaged within said nozzle assembly, said attachment plate, cylindrical portion, case cylinder, and said closure collectively defining an annular compression chamber, said annular compression chamber being only in communication with each axially extending passage to thereby permit gun pressure to pressurize said annular compression chamber such that said attachment plate moves forward and compresses said propellant grain, and wherein said insulator, said cylindrical portion and said nozzle assembly collectively define a central chamber, said central chamber being only in communication with the nozzle throat to thereby permit gun pressure to pressurize the central chamber such that said insulator moves forward and compresses the propellant grain; and a first seal between said bore rider and said case cylinder, a second seal between said bore rider and said nozzle assembly, said first and second seals preventing propellant combustion gases from passing through said at least one axial passage. 